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#CARD:Saint Kitts and Nevis:Background Notes
BACKGROUND NOTES: ST KITTS AND NEVIS, MAY 1993
PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
US DEPARTMENT OF STATE
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MAY 1993
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Official Name: Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis
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PROFILE
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Geography
Area: St. Kitts 168 sq. km. (68 sq. mi.); Nevis 93 sq. km. (36 sq.
mi.). Cities: Capital--Basseterre (pop. about 15,000). Terrain:
Generally mountainous, with highest elevation at Mt. Liamuiga 3,792
ft. (St. Kitts) and Nevis Peak 3,232 ft. (Nevis).
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People
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Kittitian(s), Nevisian(s). Population
(1990): 40,300 (St. Kitts 31,000, Nevis 9,300). Annual growth rate
(est.): 1.5%. Ethnic groups: Almost entirely of black African origin;
some of British, Portuguese, and Lebanese origin. Religions:
Principally Anglican, with evangelical Protestant and Roman Catholic
minorities. Languages: English (official). Education (1991): Years
compulsory--9. Literacy--98%. Health (1990): Infant mortality rate--
22/1,000. Unemployment--12%.
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Government
Type: Constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style parliament.
Constitution: 1983. Independence: September 19, 1983.
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Branches: Executive--governor general (representing Queen Elizabeth
II, head of state), prime minister (head of government), cabinet.
Legislative--an 11-member Upper House or Senate appointed by the
governor general (mainly on the advice of the prime minister and the
leader of the opposition) and an 11-member popularly elected House of
Representatives. Judicial--Court of Appeal.
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Administrative subdivisions: 14 parishes.
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Political parties: People's Action Movement (ruling), St. Kitts Labor
Party, Nevis Reformation Party, Concerned Citizens Movement.
Suffrage: Universal at 18.
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Flag: The flag is oblong, divided diagonally from the bottom right to
the top left by a black stripe with yellow borders. The black stripe
contains two white stars. The top background is green, and the bottom
background is red.
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Economy
GDP (1991): $165 million. Annual growth rate (1991): 3.4%. Per
capita GNP: $3,300.
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Natural resources: Negligible.
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Agriculture: Products--sugarcane, cotton, peanuts, vegetables.
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Industry (1990): Types--manufacturing 14%, transport and
communications 15%, construction 13%, hotels and restaurants 8%.
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Trade (1991): Exports--US $126 million. Major markets--CARICOM,
US, UK. Imports--US $115 million.
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Official exchange rate: Eastern Caribbean $2.70=US$1. (###)
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GEOGRAPHY
St. Kitts and Nevis lies in the Leeward Islands in the Eastern Caribbean,
17 degrees 15' North, 62 degrees 40' West. The sister islands are
separated by a channel some 3 kilometers (2 mi.) wide. St. Kitts is
roughly oval in shape, with a narrow neck of land extending like a
handle from the southeastern end. The total length of the island is 36.8
kilometers (23 mi.), and its area is 168 square kilometers (68 sq. mi.).
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The central part of the main body consists of a rugged mountain range
whose highest point is Mount Liamuiga (1,155 meters--3,792 ft.). St.
Kitts is a volcanic formation, and most of the beaches are of black
volcanic sand, although several white sand beaches are found on the
southeastern portion of the island.
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Nevis has an area of 93 kilometers (36 sq. mi.). The island's dominant
central peak, its tip usually encircled by clouds, rises gradually to an
almost perfect cone to 985 meters (3,232 ft.), giving it a spectacularly
beautiful appearance from the sea. There are long stretches of golden
sandy beaches. Charlestown is the only town, with a population of
about 1,200.
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The climate of St. Kitts and Nevis is pleasant and healthy. The islands
lie on the path of the northeast trade winds, and there is a steady cool
breeze throughout the year. The highest temperature recorded is 330C
(920F), and the lowest is 170C (620F). Humidity is low, and there is
no rainy season. Average annual rainfall on St. Kitts is about 140
centimeters (55 in.); on Nevis, somewhat less.
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PEOPLE AND HISTORY
The islands were originally inhabited by Carib Indians. Christopher
Columbus landed there in 1493 on his second voyage and named it after
his patron saint, St. Christopher. Sir Thomas Warner led the original
English party to the island in 1624. "Kitt" was an English shortened
version of "Christopher," hence "St. Kitt's" island. It was from here
that English colonists spread to other islands in the region.
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In 1624, the French under D'Esnambuc also colonized part of the
island. Intermittent warfare between French and British settlers during
the 17th century, ravaged the economy until it was ceded entirely to
Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The final fight for the island
occurred in 1782, when French forces captured Brimstone Hill.
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Columbus also discovered Nevis on his second voyage, and reputedly
called it Nevis because of its resemblance to a snowcapped mountain (in
Spanish "Nuestra Senora de las Nieves" or "Our Lady of the Snows").
On July 22, 1628, Warner sent Capt. Anthony Hilton to colonize Nevis.
Hilton became the first governor of Nevis, setting it on a path to great
prosperity for the next 150 years. Its relative opulence in the 17th
century gave it the name "Queen of the Caribbees." Alexander Hamilton
was born on Nevis in 1757.
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The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis attained full independence on
September 19, 1983.
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GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
As head of the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth II is represented in St.
Kitts and Nevis by a governor general, who acts on the advice of the
prime minister and the cabinet. The prime minister is the leader of the
majority party of the House, and the cabinet conducts affairs of state.
St. Kitts and Nevis has a bicameral legislature: an 11-member Upper
House or Senate appointed by the governor general (mainly on the
advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition) and an 11-
member popularly elected House of Representatives. The prime
minister and the cabinet are responsible to the parliament. St. Kitts and
Nevis has enjoyed a long history of free and fair elections. In the March
1989 elections, the ruling People's Action Movement won six of the
eight St. Kitts seats, with the St. Kitts Labor Party capturing the
remaining two. The Nevis Reformation Party won two of the three
Nevis seats, with the Concerned Citizens Movement winning the
remaining one. The next election is scheduled for March 1994.
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Under the constitution, Nevis has considerable autonomy and has an
island assembly, a premier, and a deputy governor general. Under
certain specified conditions, it may secede from the Federation.
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Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship,
movement, and association. Like its neighbors in the English-speaking
Caribbean, St. Kitts and Nevis has an outstanding human rights record.
Its judicial system is modeled on British practice and procedure and its
jurisprudence on English Common Law. The Royal St. Kitts Police
Force is a constabulary of about 340 members.
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Principal Government Officials
Chief of State--Queen Elizabeth II
Governor General--Sir Clement Arrindell
Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Home Affairs, and
Finance--Kennedy A. Simmonds
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Principal Nevis Island Government Official
Premier--Vance Amory
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The embassy of St. Kitts and Nevis is located at 2100 M Street, NW,
Suite #608, Washington, DC 20037 (tel. 202-833-3550).
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ECONOMY
Until recently, St. Kitts and Nevis was the last sugar monoculture in the
Eastern Caribbean. Faced with continuing reductions in the US sugar
quota, the Government of St. Kitts and Nevis embarked on a successful
program to diversify the agricultural sector and stimulate the
development of other sectors of the economy. In addition to
encouraging the planting of alternate crops, the government has found
new ways to use its sugarcane, such as for producing gelled ethanol for
cooking fuel and a new cane spirits liquor.
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The government has instituted a program of investment incentives for
businesses considering locating in St. Kitts or Nevis, encouraging both
domestic and foreign private investment. Government policies provide
liberal tax holidays, duty-free import of equipment and materials, and
subsidies for training provided to local personnel. The formation of an
Investment Promotion Agency in 1987 has greatly assisted this effort;
light manufacturing has expanded, particularly in electronics.
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Tourism has shown the greatest growth, however. In 1987, tourism,
surpassed sugar as the major foreign exchange earner for St. Kitts and
Nevis. Completion of the US Agency for International Development
(USAID)-funded Southeast Peninsula Road project opened a whole new
area of St. Kitts for hotel construction. Many of the island's most
beautiful beaches are found in this area.
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St. Kitts and Nevis are beneficiaries of the US Caribbean Basin
Initiative. As members of the 13-nation Caribbean Economic
Community and Common Market, they have signed a framework
agreement with the United States to promote trade and investment under
the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative.
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FOREIGN RELATIONS
St. Kitts and Nevis maintains diplomatic relations with the United
States, Canada, the United Kingdom, China, and South Korea, as well
as with many Latin American countries and neighboring Eastern
Caribbean states. It is a member of the Commonwealth; the United
Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; the Organization of
American States; the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; the
Caribbean Regional Security System; and the Caribbean Common
Market.
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US-ST. KITTS AND NEVIS RELATIONS
Since St. Kitts and Nevis attained full independence in 1983, US
relations have been very friendly. The US Embassy in St. John's,
Antigua, conducts bilateral relations with St. Kitts and Nevis.
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The United States seeks to help St. Kitts and Nevis develop
economically and to help strengthen its moderate, democratic,
parliamentary form of government. St. Kitts and Nevis is strategically
placed in the Leeward Islands, near maritime transport lanes of major
importance to the United States. St. Kitts and Nevis benefits from a
number of AID projects, including scholarship and training programs
and small business assistance.
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Principal US Officials
The US Embassy in Antigua handles affairs with St. Kitts and Nevis.
Charge d'Affaires--Bryant Salter
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The US Embassy is located on Queen Elizabeth Highway, St. John's,
Antigua (tel. 809-462-3505). (###)
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Travel Notes:
Entry requirements: A passport and visa are not required for US and
Canadian citizens to enter St. Kitts and Nevis as temporary visitors for
periods up to 6 months, but the Department of State recommends that
US citizens always carry a valid passport as proof of citizenship. St.
Kitts and Nevis immigration authorities require some proof of
citizenship upon entry--a birth certificate or voter registration card and a
valid drivers' license with photo. They also will require a return ticket
or proof of onward travel.
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Telecommunications: St. Kitts and Nevis has a good internal telephone
system, which is accessible from the United States by direct dialing area
code 809 and the local number. International telephone, cable, and telex
services are good and are available 24 hours a day. (###)
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Published by the United States Department of State -- Bureau of Public
Affairs -- Office of Public Communication -- Washington, DC -- May
1993 -- Managing Editor: Peter Knecht Editor: Josephine C. Brooks
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Department of State Publication 8874
Background Notes Series -- This material is in the public domain and
may be reprinted without permission; citation of this source is
appreciated.
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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402. (###)
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#ENDCARD